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 ÀڷᱸºÐ    ÀÛ¼ºÀÏ  2005-10-13
 Á¦¸ñ  ¾Æ½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ¼±±³°¡ Á÷¸éÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â Àü¹æ°³Ã´Áö (Frontiers Confronting Asian Missions)
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Ralph winter







It is a privilege for me to address Asians who are concerned with the global cause of Christ. I feel we from the West have a great deal to learn from you. Western mission leaders are glad that many Asian leaders respect and honor the work of Western missionaries in past centuries. Even Westerners must honor the ones who still earlier brought the Gospel first to them.

However, Asian leaders must go boldly beyond being polite and respectful about the sacrificial and sometimes heroic efforts of earlier Western missionaries. Western missionaries were not supermen. They were human and had their faults. They were earthen vessels bearing treasures from God. But, no matter how good or bad they were, they represented (inevitably) their own social background, which also has good and bad points.

Today, one of the greatest hindrances to the spread of the Gospel across this planet is the presence of many bad elements within Western society. Many Muslims, for example, rightly fear the decadence of the West and wonder why the Christian faith has not been able to banish those evils. They see Westernization eating its way into their own societies and are fearfully hoping to keep that influence out.

As a result, Western missionaries often recognize that they are being sent out not to preach Christianity but Christ, that is, not a cultural tradition but a living faith. But this is easier to talk about than it is to do. No matter how hard a Western missionary tries to separate himself from his own cultural tradition it is impossible to do so completely.

Thus, those of us who have grown up in the West are doubly happy to see the flourishing build-up of non-Western missions. 1) We see these new evidences of missionary vision adding to the number of missionaries, but 2) we also see them as potentially rescuing missions from being embedded in Western culture.

Let me cite five important areas in which non-Western missions can greatly benefit the missionary cause. In these five major frontiers1 American missionaries are in serious need of new Asian perspectives. 1. Concept of the family 2. Concept of the church 3. Concept of the Gospel 4. Concept of pastoral training 5. Concept of missionary training



1. The (Bad) American Concept of the Family



The Reformation focused on the problem of getting individuals saved--the Catholic church had made a business out of it. Later on, one effect of this focus was to enhance the process of extreme individualization and to reduce the importance of the family.

The Western school system further individualized Americans and alienated them from their families.

In addition, "age stratification" tended further to isolate individuals from anyone older or younger. This harsh and abnormal stratification exists in the school system but also in the church.

Finally, work specialization has further split up families. The result has been the nearly total absence of family-level worship or family-level personal accountability, disrespect for elders, etc.



2. The (Bad) American Concept of the Church



The extreme individualization of the West has allowed a concept of the local church to develop that has serious limitations. As families in America have disintegrated, the local church has become a substitute family. Thus, the American concept of the church is not based on families but individual members. The church in America partially takes the place of the natural families.

In America where so many people have psychologically or physically left their families, church "families" are of some real value. However, in Asian countries where families are far more likely to be still intact, the effect of Western influence is to break families down as in America.

Missionaries have thus often "extracted" individuals from their families in order to plant American-style church "families" of far less value. An American missionary will tend to be blind to the great value of the family relations Asian individuals may still retain. The result is often then, as in America, a fragile "church of family fragments."



3. The (Bad) American Concept of the Gospel



The extreme individualization in the West has preserved to a great extent "the Gospel of the Reformation," which narrowed Christianity down to an emphasis on the salvation of the individual.

Sometimes this focus is almost solely on getting to heaven. In other cases it enlarges to an emphasis on the "fulfillment" of personality in this life, including personal holiness not greatly different from Hindu and Buddhist thinking.

Even if enlarged to "fulfillment"-not just getting to heaven-the American "Gospel of Salvation" is far less than the New Testament's "Gospel of the Kingdom," which refers to the restoration of the entire fallen (Satanically perverted) creation not just to the redemption of human beings. Here, then, is a thin and less meaningful "Evangelical humanism."

I personally grew up in the home of devout parents. I wholeheartedly accepted the Evangelical gospel to which I was exposed. However, over the years as I have studied the Bible further, my awareness of God's will has moved through four stages.



1. Stage One: Getting people saved.

This was my early understanding. My most important verse in the Bible was "He that wins souls is wise." To me simply being assured of getting to heaven was very important and exciting, a valuable, personal success.



2. Stage Two: Winning people to Jesus Christ.

Later on I realized that it would be better to seek to "win people to Jesus Christ" than merely try to "get them saved." This second stage of thinking was not so much about a personal prize as it was about a new and serious "relationship." The phrase Winning people to Jesus Christ does not mention heaven or eternal life but a new and permanent relationship of love, authority and obedience beginning now in this life.



3. Stage Three: Glorifying God.

Still later I realized that the Bible talks most often about God being glorified. This is partially what happens in worship. It happens more significantly as we do good things in His name: "Let your light shine through your good works and in that way give glory to God (Matt 5:16)."



4. Stage Four: Glorifying God by fighting the works of the Evil One.

More recently I have realized that in order to restore glory to God it is necessary to destroy the perverting influences of the Evil One. God today is being blamed for much evil that is actually the work of Satan. People are being led to believe that many bad events are simply "the mysterious work of God," and that we must resign ourselves to a perverse "Calvinistic fatalism" and do nothing to fight the sources of evil. I have come to believe that disease germs are Satan's work and that we cannot properly glorify God when we resign ourselves merely to defensively "healing" the sick and not offensively to the eradication of the sickness-causing germs. Our massive medical industry, including medical missions, is mainly caring for people "wounded" by disease germs. You can't win a war by merely taking care of the wounded.

Today Christian believers take part in laboratories where they and other scientists seek for cures for various sicknesses. But there is no substantial Christian institution in the world (known to me), which has the purpose of going after the disease pathogens that cause disease. I also know of no theology supporting such an activity. Unfortunately healing the sick is not usually a step toward eradicating the disease pathogen causing that sickness.



4. The (Bad) American Concept of Pastoral Selection and Training



The pattern in America among the older denominations has been to require seminary training, which is basically a good experience for a church leader.

However, it has been widely assumed that the nature of the training is more important than finding the right people who are spiritually mature and properly gifted--things that do not necessarily result from classroom activity.

As a result we read that 95% of the last 30,000 new churches in the United States have been founded and are pastored by gifted natural leaders who have not gone to seminary. Why have they not gone to seminary? Simply because their gifts became visible after they had passed their younger years when students usually go to seminary. Seminaries are not designed to find real leaders but to train anyone who can spend the time and money to come to their doors. Bible schools around the world established by American missionaries with the hope of generating pastors tend to be the same: they collect young men and women before their maturity--and before the appearance of their gifts--and they pay no attention to the real leaders who can be found in the congregations.

Briefly, missions have established 3,000 schools to "train pastors," but those schools usually have the wrong students, the wrong curriculum and the wrong degrees. The curriculum ought to include not just the Bible but history, chemistry, physics and mathematics. Science is the showcase of the work of a creative God as well as highly regarded in the world. Furthermore, these schools ought not to give degrees with strange names like B.Th., M.Div., M.Th., D.Miss. which are out of step with the world we are trying to deal with. Missions are supposed "to speak the language of the native."



5. The (Bad) American Concept of Missionary Training



In America today it is commonly assumed that cross-cultural missions is merely a form of evangelism that reaches out to people at a great distance. Normal evangelism is indeed relatively simple. Normal evangelism merely reaches out further within the community in which the church is already established. No language learning is necessary.

But missionary evangelism is radically different. Americans find this difficult to understand. They think that even high school students on a two-week trip "overseas" can do evangelism.

Some mission agencies do a good job of explaining the little cultural things that are so important. For example, the fact that when eating with Muslims the left hand should never be lifted above the level of the table, or that green is a special color reserved for certain purposes. There are dozens of little things like this. Let's call this type of training "vocational." What is also needed is crucial "foundational" training.

Vocational oddities are important but even more important are the foundational matters. The Bible, church history, and current mission strategy must be reconsidered from a missiological point of view.

For example, no matter how well trained in the Bible a missionary candidate may be--Hebrew, Greek, seminary courses--the Bible needs to be restudied and understood in the light of missions.

Paul, for example, insisted that Greek followers of Christ did not need to adopt the culture of the Jews, and that they must not be expected to do so or forced to do so. This is a very radical idea. But it enabled a huge penetration into the pagan Roman world. The Bible must be restudied until this is clear.

Centuries later, however, once the Greeks and Latins got well established with their own cultural tradition (for which the Roman political name was "Christian") they totally forgot Paul's key point of view and assumed that the Germans and English ought to be content with Greek and Latin Christian forms.

Thus, church history must also be restudied--as one long story of missions. The Reformation, for example, will then be seen in new missiological light. It will be understood as a mission field breakaway movement of culturally different peoples who accepted faith in Jesus Christ but rejected Mediterranean culture. The theological points were less significant than the cultural differences. Thus, both Germans and English finally overthrew the imposed Latin culture of the Roman Catholic church and expressed their faith within their own cultural traditions. This is what Paul's example teaches us.

But, even contemporary mission strategy needs to be restudied along these same lines. Western missionaries all around the world are like Latin-speaking missionaries trying to win Germans to Latin culture. All too often Western missionaries today assume that Western culture is part of the Gospel.

In the New Testament it was Jews and Greeks. In the Reformation it was Latins and Germans. Today it is Western Christianity and non-Western faith in Christ. This third situation may in fact leave "Christianity" behind as simply an authentic expression of the faith in Western cultural clothing. Today, for example, Paul's insistence would be that people who have grown up in Islamic culture don't have to give up that entire culture, their families and everything in order to follow Jesus Christ. We make a big mistake when we fail to realize that much of our "Christianity" is not Christ, but Western culture.

In that sense we become like the NT Judaizers or the Latin missionaries. This kind of missiological "restudying" of the Bible, Church History, and contemporary strategic assumptions constitutes the "foundational" training very often lacking in Western missionary training programs. It is more basic than "vocational" training. American missions give only a half-hearted effort to retrain their candidates foundationally, which means missiologically. I hope Asian missions will do better than that.



Conclusion



I believe that God is calling upon Asians, with a firmer grip on the Biblical concept of the family, to be a corrective to Western outreach. I also believe that they can resist our conventional theological perspectives about the church, the Gospel, the selection and training of congregational leaders, and the foundational retraining of missionary candidates.

God certainly intended for the members of His global family to learn from each other. The last 25 years have been absolutely momentous as we have seen the surprising explosion of faith in Jesus Christ. Just yesterday I heard that there are 500,000 pastors in Nigeria alone! What a great advance we can already see! How much more should we believe in what the future holds as we join hands across the globe to finish the work God expects of us.



Footnote



1. Frontiers of mission can be defined in different ways. Here I am following the IJFM definition:

¡°Mission frontiers, like other frontiers, represent boundaries or barriers beyond which we must go yet beyond which we may not be able to see clearly and boundaries which may even be disputed or denied. Their study involves the discovery and evaluation of the unknown or even the reevaluation of the known. But unlike other frontiers, mission frontiers is a subject specifically concerned to explore and exposit areas and ideas and insights related to the glorification of God in all the nations (peoples) of the world, "to open their eyes, to turn them from darkness to light and from the power of Satan to God,¡± (Acts 26:18)*







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1. À߸øµÈ ¹Ì±¹½Ä °¡Á· °³³ä(The (Bad) American Concept of the Family)



°³ÇõÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº °³ÀÎÀ» ±¸¿øÇÏ´Â ¹®Á¦¿¡ ÃÐÁ¡À» ¸ÂÃß¾ú´Ù. ¹Ý¸é Ä«Å縯 ±³È¸´Â ±× ¹Ý´ë¸¦ ÁÖµÈ ÀÏ·Î »ï¾Ò´Ù. ±× °á°ú °³ÇõÁÖÀÇÀÚµé ¾È¿¡ ±Ø´ÜÀûÀÎ °³ÀÎÁÖÀÇ¿Í °¡Á·ÀÇ Á߿伺ÀÇ °¨¼Ò¸¦ ÃÊ·¡Çß´Ù.

¼­±¸ÀÇ ±³À° Á¦µµ´Â ¹Ì±¹ÀεéÀ» ´õ¿í´õ °³ÀÎÈ­½ÃÄ×°í, ±×µéÀ» °¡Á·À¸·Î ºÎÅÍ ºÐ¸®½ÃÄ×´Ù.

°Ô´Ù°¡ "¿¬·É °èÃþÈ­"´Â °³ÀεéÀ» ÀڽŰú ¿¬·ÉÀÌ ºñ½ÁÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº(³ô°Å³ª ³·Àº) »ç¶÷µé·ÎºÎÅÍ ´õ¿í ºÐ¸®½ÃÄ×´Ù. ÀÌ »ì¹úÇÏ°í ºñÁ¤»óÀûÀÎ °èÃþÈ­´Â Çб³ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±³È¸¿¡µµ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù. °á±¹ ºÐ¾÷À̳ª ÀÏÀÇ Àü¹®È­´Â °¡Á·À» ´õ¿í ´õ ³ª´©¾î ³õ¾Ò´Ù.

±× °á°ú·Î °¡Á· ¿¹¹è°¡ °ÅÀÇ ¾ø¾îÁö°í, °¡Á· ¼öÁØ¿¡¼­ ¼­·Î Ã¥ÀÓÁö´Â °ü°è°¡ ¼Ò¸êÇÏ¿´°í, ¿¬ÀåÀÚ¸¦ Á¸°æÇÏÁö ¾Ê°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.





2. À߸øµÈ ¹Ì±¹½Ä ±³È¸¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °³³ä(The (Bad) American Concept of the Church)



¼­¾çÀÇ ±Ø´ÜÀûÀÎ °³ÀÎÁÖÀÇ·Î ½É°¢ÇÑ ÇѰ踦 Áö´Ñ Áö¿ª±³È¸ÀÇ °³³äÀÌ ¹ßÀüµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ °¡Á¤ÀÌ ÇØüµÊ¿¡ µû¶ó¼­ Áö¿ª ±³È¸´Â °¡Á·À» ´ëüÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ±³È¸ °³³äÀº °¡Á·¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó °³º° ±¸¼º¿ø¿¡ ±âÃʸ¦ µÎ°Ô µÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ±³È¸´Â ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î °¡Á·ÀÇ À§Ä¡¸¦ ºÎºÐÀûÀ¸·Î ´ë½ÅÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.

¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ½ÉÀûÀ¸·Î ¹°¸®ÀûÀ¸·Î °¡Á·À» ¶°³ª´Â ¹Ì±¹¿¡¼­´Â ±³È¸ '°¡Á·'ÀÌ °¡Ä¡¸¦ °¡Áö´Â ¸éÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª, °¡Á·ÀÌ ¿©ÀüÈ÷ Ä£¹ÐÇÑ »óÅ·Π³²¾ÆÀÖ´Â ¾Æ½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ±¹°¡¿¡¼­, ¼­¾çÀÇ ¿µÇâÀº ¹Ì±¹¿¡¼­ ±×·¨µíÀÌ °¡Á·À» Æı«ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù .

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3. À߸øµÈ ¹Ì±¹½Ä º¹À½ °³³ä ( The (Bad) American Concept of the Gospel)

¼­¾çÀÇ ±Ø´ÜÀûÀÎ °³ÀÎÈ­´Â "°³ÇõÁÖÀÇ º¹À½"(the Gospel of the Reformation)À» ¾öû³­ Á¤µµ·Î °³ÀÎ ±¸¿øÀ¸·Î Á¼Çô ³õ¾Ò´Ù. ¶§·Î´Â ÃÐÁ¡ÀÌ ¿ÀÁ÷ õ±¹¿¡ °¡´Â °Í¿¡¸¸ ÁýÁߵȴÙ. ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ÀÌ»ýÀÇ °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ °Å·èÇÔÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿© °³ÀÎÀû ¼ºÃë¿¡ °­Á¶Á¡ÀÌ ¸ð¾ÆÁø´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¸éµéÀº ÈùµÎ±³³ª ºÒ±³¿Í ±×¸® Å« Â÷ÀÌ°¡ ¾ø´Ù.

ºñ·Ï ´ÜÁö õ±¹¿¡ °¡´Â °Í¸¸ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¼ºÃëÀÇ ¼öÁØÀ¸·Î È®ÀåµÈ´Ù°í ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ ¹Ì±¹½Ä "±¸¿øÀÇ º¹À½"(Gospel of Salvation)Àº ½Å¾àÀÇ "¿Õ±¹ º¹À½"(Gospel of Kingdom)¿¡ ºñÃß¾î °Å¸®°¡ ¸Å¿ì ¸Õ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ½Å¾àÀÇ º¹À½Àº ´ÜÁö ÀηùÀÇ ±¸¿ø¸¸À» ¸»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó »çź¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Ã¶ÀúÇÏ°Ô Å¸¶ôÇÑ ÇÇÁ¶¼¼°èÀÇ ÃÑüÀûÀÎ ±¸¼ÓÀ» ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ±¸¿ø¸¸À» °­Á¶ÇÏ´Â º¹À½¿¡´Â, ºó¾àÇÏ°í °¡Ä¡°¡ ³·Àº "º¹À½ÁÖÀÇÀû Àκ»ÁÖÀÇ"(Evangelical Humanism)°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.

³ª´Â °³ÀÎÀûÀ¸·Î Á¾±³Àû ¿­½ÉÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ºÎ¸ð ¾Æ·¡¼­ ÀÚ¶ó³µ´Ù. ³ª´Â Àü½ÉÀ» ´ÙÇؼ­ ³»°¡ Á¢Çß´ø ±× º¹À½À» ¹Þ¾Æµé¿´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿©·¯ÇØ µ¿¾È º¹À½¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© °øºÎÇϸ鼭, Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¶æ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³ªÀÇ ÀνÄÀº ³× ´Ü°è¸¦ °ÅÃÄ°¬´Ù.



ù¹ø° ´Ü°è: »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±¸¿øÀ» ¹Þ´Â °Í

ÀÌ°ÍÀº º¹À½¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³ªÀÇ Ãʱâ ÀÌÇØ¿´´Ù. ±× ´ç½Ã, ³»°¡ ¼º°æ¿¡¼­ °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÏ°Ô »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â ±¸ÀýÀº "¿µÈ¥À» ¾ò´Â »ç¶÷Àº ÁöÇý·Ó´Ù"(He that wins souls is wise)´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ³ª¿¡°Ô´Â ´ÜÁö õ±¹¿¡ °¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» È®½ÅÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ ¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇÏ°í, ½Å³ª°í, °¡Ä¡ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ ¼º°øÀ̾ú´Ù.



µÎ¹ø° ´Ü°è: »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµ²² ÀεµÇÏ´Â °Í.

±× ÈÄ ³ª´Â »ç¶÷µé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ±¸¿øÀ» ¹Þµµ·Ï ³ë·ÂÇÏ´Â °Íº¸´Ù ±×µéÀ» ¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµ¿¡°Ô ÀεµÇϱâ À§ÇØ ³ë·ÂÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ´õ ³´´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀνÄÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ µÎ¹ø° ´Ü°èÀÇ ÀνÄÀº °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ »ó±Þº¸´Ù »õ·Ó°í ÁøÁöÇÑ "°ü°è"¿¡ °üÇÑ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµ²² ÀεµÇÑ´Ù´Â ¸» ¼Ó¿¡ õ±¹À̳ª ¿µ»ý¿¡ °üÇÑ ¾ð±ÞÀº ¾øÁö¸¸, »õ·Ó°í ¿µ¿øÇÑ »ç¶ûÀÇ °ü°è, ±×¸®°í ±ÇÀ§¿Í ¼øÁ¾ÀÇ °ü°è°¡ ÀÌ »ý¿¡¼­ ½ÃÀ۵Ǿú´Ù.



¼¼¹ø° ´Ü°è: Çϳª´ÔÀ» ¿µÈ­·Ó°Ô ÇÔ.

±× ÈÄ¿¡ ³ª´Â ¼º°æÀÌ Çϳª´ÔÀÌ ¿µÈ­·Ó°Ô µÇ´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÀÚÁÖ ¾ð±ÞÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ½À» ÀνÄÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº ¿¹¹è °¡¿îµ¥¿¡¼­ ºÎºÐÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®°¡ ±×ÀÇ À̸§À¸·Î ¼±À» ÇàÇÒ ¶§ ´õ¿í ÀǹÌÀÖ°Ô ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø´Ù. "³ÊÀÇ ¼±ÇàÀ» ÅëÇؼ­ ³ÊÀÇ ºûÀÌ ºñÃß°Ô ÇÏ°í, ±×·³À¸·Î½á Çϳª´Ô²² ¿µ±¤À» µ¹¸®¶ó"( ¸¶ 5:16)



³×¹ø° ´Ü°è: »ç´ÜÀÇ ÀÏ¿¡ ´ëÀûÇÔÀ¸·Î½á Çϳª´ÔÀ» ¿µÈ­·Ó°Ô ÇÔ.

´õ ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ ³ª´Â Çϳª´Ô²² ¿µ±¤À» µ¹·Áµå¸®±â À§Çؼ­´Â »ç´ÜÀÇ ¹ÌȤÇÏ´Â ¿µÇâ·ÂÀ» Æı«ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀνÄÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¿À´Ã³¯ »ç´ÜÀÇ ÀÛÇ°ÀÎ ¼ö¸¹Àº ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ ¿ÀÈ÷·Á Çϳª´Ô²²¼­ ºñ³­À» ¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Ù. »ç¶÷µéÀº ¸¹Àº ³ª»Û Àϵ鿡 ´ëÇÏ¿© "½Åºñ·Î¿î Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ÀÏ"(the mysterious work of God)À̶ó°í ¹Ï°í, °îÇØµÈ "Ä®ºóÁÖÀÇ½Ä ¿î¸í·Ð"(Calvinistic Fatalism)À» µû¶ó ¾ÇÀÇ ±Ù¿øµé°ú ´Éµ¿ÀûÀ¸·Î ½Î¿ì±â À§ÇÑ ¾Æ¹« ³ë·Âµµ ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ³ª´Â º´¿ø±Õ¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ±×°ÍÀº »çźÀÇ ÀÛÇ°À̶ó°í »ý°¢Çϴµ¥, ¿ì¸®°¡ ±×°ÍµéÀ» ¾ø¾Ö±â À§Çؼ­ Àû±ØÀûÀ¸·Î ³ë·ÂÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ´ÜÁö ÀÌ¹Ì º´µç Àڵ鸦 °íÄ¡·Á´Â Á¤µµ·Î ¼öµ¿ÀûÀ̶ó¸é Çϳª´Ô²² ÇÕ´çÇÑ ¿µ±¤À» µ¹¸± ¼ö ¾ø´Ù°í ¹Ï°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÇ·á ¼±±³¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ´ë±Ô¸ð ÀÇ·á°è¿¡¼­´Â ÁÖ·Î º´¿ø±Õ¿¡ ÀÌ¹Ì »óó¸¦ ÀÔÀº »ç¶÷µéÀ» º¸»ìÆì ÁÖ´Â ÀÏÀ» ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¿ì¸®°¡ ´ÜÁö ºÎ»óÀÚ¸¦ µ¹º¸´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ÀüÀï¿¡ ÀÌ±æ ¼ö´Â ¾ø´Ù.

¿À´Ã³¯ ±×¸®½ºµµÀεéÀº ¿¬±¸½Ç¿¡¼­ ´Ù¸¥ µ¿·á °úÇÐÀÚµé°ú ÇÔ²² ¸¹Àº Áúº´¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ä¡·á¹ýÀ» ã±â À§ÇØ ³ë·ÂÇÑ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ³»°¡ ¾Æ´Â ÇÑ, º´À» ÀÏÀ¸Å°´Â º´¿øü¸¦ ÃßÀûÇÏ´Â ¸ñÀûÀ» °¡Áø, ½ÇÁúÀûÀÎ ±âµ¶±³ ÇÐȸ´Â ¾ø´Ù. ±×·± È°µ¿À» ÁöÁöÇÏ´Â ½ÅÇеµ ¾ø´Ù. ºÒÇàÇÏ°Ôµµ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ °æ¿ì º´ÀÚ¸¦ Ä¡·áÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº º´À» ÀÏÀ¸Å² º´¿øü¸¦ ¾ø¾Ö·Á´Â ³ë·ÂÀ» À§ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.



4. À߸øµÈ ¹Ì±¹½Ä ¸ñȸÇÐÀû ¼±Åðú ÈƷÿ¡ ´ëÇÑ °³³ä(The (Bad) American Concept of Pastoral Selection and Training)



¹Ì±¹¿¡¼­ Á» ´õ ¿À·£ ¿ª»ç¸¦ °¡Áø ±³ÆÄ¿¡¼­´Â ÈçÈ÷ ½ÅÇÐ ÈÆ·ÃÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇØ¿Ô´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÈÆ·ÃÀº ±³È¸ ÁöµµÀڵ鿡°Ô´Â ÁÁÀº °æÇèÀÌ´Ù.

±×·¯³ª, »ç¶÷µéÀº ÈçÈ÷ ¿µÀûÀ¸·Î ¼º¼÷ÇÏ°í Àç´ÉÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷À» ã´Â °Íº¸´Ù ÈÆ·ÃÀÇ º»ÁúÀÌ ´õ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù°í ¹Ï¾î ¿Ô´Ù. ¿µÀûÀÎ ¼º¼÷°ú ÀûÀýÇÑ Àç´ÉÀ» °®Ãá »ç¶÷Àº Çб³¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¼ö¾÷ È°µ¿À¸·Î¸¸ ±æ·¯Áö±â Èûµé´Ù.

ÃÖ±Ù ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ Åë°è¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, 30,000°³ÀÇ »õ·Î¿î ±³È¸µé Áß¿¡ 95%´Â ½ÅÇб³¿¡ °¡Áö ¾ÊÀº Àç´ÉÀִ Ÿ°í³­ ÁöµµÀÚµéÀÌ ¼¼¿ì°í Å°¿ü´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. ¿Ö ±×µéÀº ½ÅÇб³¿¡ °¡Áö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ»±î? »ç½Ç»ó, ±×µéÀÌ Àç´ÉÀ» ¹ßÈÖÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô µÈ ÀÌÀ¯´Â ÇлýµéÀÌ ½ÅÇб³¿¡ °¡´Â ÀþÀº ³ªÀ̸¦ Áö³ª¼­¾ß º¸Åë Àç´ÉÀÌ ºÐ¸íÇØÁö±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ½ÅÇб³µéÀº ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ÁöµµÀÚ¸¦ ã±â À§ÇØ ¼¼¿öÁø °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ½ÅÇб³¿¡ µ·°ú ½Ã°£À» ÅõÀÚÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷ÀÌ¸é ´©±¸¶óµµ ÈƷýÃų ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ¼¼¿öÁø °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¹Ì±¹ ¼±±³»ç°¡ ¸ñȸÀÚµéÀ» ¹èÃâÇϱâ À§ÇØ ¼¼¿î Àü¼¼°è¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¼º°æ½ÅÇб³µéµµ ¸¶Âù°¡Áö °æÇâÀ» º¸ÀÌ°í ÀÖ´Ù: ±×µéÀº ÀþÀºÀ̵éÀÌ ¼º¼÷Çϱ⵵ Àü, Áï ±×µéÀÇ Àç´ÉÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³ª±âµµ Àü¿¡ ¸ð¾ÆµéÀδÙ. ÀÏ¹Ý È¸Áßµé °¡¿îµ¥¿¡¼­ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ÁöµµÀÚ°¡ ¹ß°ßµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ç½Ç¿¡ ÀüÇô ÁÖÀǸ¦ ±â¿ïÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.

°£´ÜÈ÷ ¸»Çϸé, Áö±Ý±îÁö ¼±±³°è¿¡¼­ 3,000¿©°³ÀÇ ½ÅÇб³°¡ "¸ñ»ç¸¦ ÈƷýÃÅ°±â À§ÇØ" ¼¼¿öÁ³Áö¸¸, ±×·¯ÇÑ Çб³µéÀº À߸øµÈ Çлý, À߸øµÈ ±³°ú°úÁ¤, À߸øµÈ ÇÐÀ§¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â °æ¿ì°¡ º¸ÅëÀÌ´Ù. ±³°ú°úÁ¤¿¡´Â ¼º°æ »Ó¸¸ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¿ª»ç, È­ÇÐ, ¹°¸®, ¼öÇÐÀÌ ÀÖ¾î¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù. °úÇÐÀº ¼¼»ó¿¡¼­ ³ô°Ô Æò°¡µÉ »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, âÁ¶ÇϽô Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ÀÛÇ°À» º¸¿© ÁÖ´Â Áø¿­ÀåÀÌ´Ù. °Ô´Ù°¡, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Çб³µé¿¡¼­ B. Th (½ÅÇлç), M. Div (¸ñȸÇÐ ¼®»ç), Th. M (½ÅÇÐ ¼®»ç), D. Miss (¼±±³ÇÐ ¹Ú»ç)¿Í °°Àº ÀÌ»óÇÑ À̸§ÀÇ ÇÐÀ§¸¦ ÁÖÁö ¸»¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¿Ö³Ä¸é, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÌ»óÇÑ ÇÐÀ§µéÀº ¹®Á¦¸¦ ´Ù·ç¾î¾ß ÇÏ´Â ÀÌ ¼¼»ó¿¡¼­ ¿ì¸®¸¦ ºüÁ®³ª¿Àµµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¼±±³´Â "º¹À½ÀÌ ÀüÇØÁö´Â ÇöÀå »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¾ð¾î¸¦ ¸»ÇÏ´Â °Í"À̾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.





5. À߸øµÈ ¹Ì±¹½Ä ¼±±³ ÈÆ·Ã °³³ä (The (Bad) American Concept of Missionary Training)



¿À´Ã³¯ ¹Ì±¹¿¡¼­´Â Ÿ¹®È­ ¼±±³°¡ ´ÜÁö ¸Ö¸® ¶³¾îÁ® ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ³ª°¡¼­ º¹À½À» ÀüÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̶ó´Â »ý°¢ÀÌ ¸¸¿¬ÇØ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÏ¹Ý º¹À½Àüµµ´Â ¼±±³Àû Â÷¿øÀÇ º¹À½Àüµµ¿¡ ºñÇØ ¸Å¿ì ´Ü¼øÇÏ´Ù. ÀÏ¹Ý º¹À½Àüµµ´Â ´ÜÁö ±³È¸°¡ ÀÌ¹Ì ¼¼¿öÁø °øµ¿Ã¼¾È¿¡¼­ ´õ ±í°Ô ³ª¾Æ°¡´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. »õ·Î¿î ¾ð¾î¸¦ ¹è¿ï ÇÊ¿äµµ ¾ø´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¼±±³ÀûÀÎ º¹À½Àüµµ´Â ¸Å¿ì ´Ù¸£´Ù. ¹Ì±¹ÀεéÀº ÀÌÇØÇϱⰡ ¾î·Æ´Ù. ±×µéÀº °íµîÇлýÀÌ 2ÁÖ¸¸ "ÇØ¿Ü"¿¡ ³ª°¡¼­ ½Ã°£À» ³»µµ º¹À½ Àüµµ°¡ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù.

¾î¶² ¼±±³ ´Üü¿¡¼­´Â ¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇÑ ¼¼¼¼ÇÑ ¹®È­ÀûÀÎ °ÍµéÀ» Àß °¡¸£Ä£´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, ¹«½½¸²µé°ú ÇÔ²² ½Ä»ç¸¦ ÇÒ ¶§´Â ¿Þ¼ÕÀ» Å×À̺í À§·Î µé¾î ¿Ã·Á¼­´Â ¾ÈµÈ´Ù´Â °Í, ³ì»öÀº Ưº°ÇÑ ¸ñÀûÀ» À§ÇÑ °Í°ú °°Àº °ÍµéÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¼¼¼¼ÇÏ°Ô ¹è¿ö¾ß ÇÒ °ÍµéÀº ¸Å¿ì ¸¹´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¾·ùÀÇ ÈÆ·ÃÀ» "Á÷´ÉÀû"(vocational)ÀÎ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ºÎ¸£ÀÚ. ÇÏÁö¸¸, ´õ¿í ÇÊ¿äÇÑ °ÍÀº ¹Ù·Î "±âÃÊÀûÀÎ"(foundational) ÈÆ·ÃÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù.

Á÷´ÉÀûÀÎ ½Å±âÇÑ °ÍµéÀº Áß¿äÇÏÁö¸¸, ´õ Áß¿äÇÑ °ÍÀº ±âÃÊ°¡ µÇ´Â ¹®Á¦µéÀÌ´Ù. ¼º°æ, ±³È¸»ç, ±×¸®°í ÇöÀçÀÇ ¼±±³ Àü·«°ú °°Àº °ÍµéÀÌ ¼±±³ÇÐÀû °üÁ¡¿¡¼­ ´Ù½Ã °ËÅäµÇ¾î¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î, ¼±±³ Èĺ¸ÀÚ°¡ ¼º°æ¿¡ À־ È÷ºê¸®¾î, ±×¸®½º¾î, ½ÅÇÐ °ú¸ñµî ´Ù¹æ¸é¿¡ ´ÉÅëÇÏ´Ù°í Çصµ ¼º°æÀ» ¼±±³ÀÇ °üÁ¡¿¡¼­ À翬±¸ÇÏ°í ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

¿¹¸¦ µé¾î ¹Ù¿ïÀº Çï¶óÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµÀε鿡°Ô À¯´ëÀÇ ¹®È­¸¦ ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÏ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ¾ø´Ù°í Çϸç, ±×µéÀÌ ±×·¸°Ô ±â´ëµÇ¾î¼­µµ °­¿ä¹Þ¾Æ¼­µµ ¾ÈµÈ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº ¸Å¿ì Çõ¸íÀûÀÎ »ý°¢À̾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »ý°¢À¸·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© À̱³µµ ·Î¸¶¿¡ ±îÁö º¹À½Àº ¾öû³ª°Ô ÆÄ°íµé¾î °¥ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °³³äÀÌ ¸íÈ®ÇØ Áú ¶§±îÁö ¼º°æÀ» À翬±¸ ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

¼ö¼¼±â ÈÄ¿¡, ±×¸®½º¿Í ¶óƾ¿¡¼­ ÀÚ±âµé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¹®È­¸¦ Á¤¸³½ÃÅ°ÀÚ, ÀڽŵéÀ» Å©¸®½ºÃµÀ̶ó°í ºÎ¸£´Â (Å©¸®½ºÃµÀº ·Î¸¶ÀÇ Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀÎ ¸ñÀûÀÇ À̸§À̾úÀ½) ÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀº ¹Ù¿ïÀÇ Áß¿äÇÑ °üÁ¡À» ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ¸Á°¢ÇÏ°í µ¶ÀÏÀΰú ¿µ±¹Àε鵵 ±×¸®½º¿Í ¶óƾÀÇ ±âµ¶±³ Çü½Ä¿¡ ¸¸Á·ÇØ¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó°í °¡Á¤Çß´Ù.

±³È¸»ç´Â ÇϳªÀÇ ¼±±³ À̾߱â·Î À翬±¸µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î Á¾±³°³ÇõÀº ¼±±³Àû ºûÀ¸·Î »õ·Ó°Ô ´Ù½Ã Á¶¸íµÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº, ±×¸®½ºµµ¸¦ ¿µÁ¢ÇßÁö¸¸, Áß¼¼ÀÇ ¹®È­¸¦ °ÅºÎÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ±×¸®½º/·Î¸¶ÀÇ Áß¼¼Àû ¹®È­ ¼Ó¹ÚÀ» ²÷À¸·Á´Â ¼±±³ ÇöÁö ¿îµ¿À¸·Î ÀÌÇØµÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î, µ¶ÀÏ°ú ¿µ±¹ÀÎÀº °á±¹ ±×µé¿¡°Ô ÁüÁö¿öÁø, ·Î¸¶ Ä«Å縯 ±³È¸ÀÇ ¶óƾ ¹®È­ÀÇ ¼Ó¹ÚÀ» ¹þ¾î¹ö¸®°í ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¹®È­¾È¿¡¼­ ±×µéÀÇ ¹®È­¸¦ Ç¥ÇöÇÑ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ ¹Ù·Î ¿ì¸®°¡ ¹Ù¿ïÀÇ ¿¹¿¡¼­ ¹è¿ï ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

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